Ichthyopterygia

Ichthyopterygians; Temporal range: Early Triassic - Late Cretaceous 251.3–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Utatsusaurus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	†Ichthyosauriformes
Superorder:	†Ichthyopterygia; Owen, 1840
Subgroups
	See text.

Ichthyopterygia ("fish flippers") was a designation introduced by Sir Richard Owen in 1840 to designate the Jurassic ichthyosaurs that were known at the time, but the term is now used more often for both true Ichthyosauria and their more primitive early and middle Triassic ancestors.^[1]^[2]

Basal ichthyopterygians (prior to and ancestral to true Ichthyosauria) were mostly small (a meter or less in length) with elongated bodies and long, spool-shaped vertebrae, indicating that they swam in a sinuous, eel-like manner. This allowed for quick movements and maneuverability that were advantages in shallow-water hunting.^[3] Even at this early stage, they were already very specialised animals with proper flippers, and would have been incapable of movement on land.

These animals seem to have been widely distributed around the coast of the northern half of Pangea, as they are known from the Olenekian (Early Triassic) and early Anisian (early Middle Triassic) of Japan, China, Canada, and Spitsbergen (Norway). By the later part of the Middle Triassic, the stem group members were extinct, having been replaced by their descendants, the true ichthyosaurs.

Fossil remains of derived marine ichthyopterygians, and the oldest ichthyopterygian remains to date, are known from the Olenekian aged Vikinghøgda Formation of Spitsbergen (Svalbard). These rocks are dated to just 2 million years after the Permian-Triassic extinction event, indicating that ichthyopterygians at the very least originated very early in the Triassic, before the Late Smithian crisis (a widespread ocean anoxic event that may have allowed ichthyopterygians to dominate deeper waters and temnospondyls to dominate shallow waters) and that ichthyosauromorphs as a whole originated during the Permian and were survivors of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.^[4]^[5]

Taxonomy

Superorder Ichthyopterygia
- ? Genus Isfjordosaurus
- Family Parvinatatoridae
- Family Thaisauridae
- Family Utatsusauridae
- Eoichthyosauria
  - Order Grippidia
  - Order Ichthyosauria

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram modified from Cuthbertson et al., 2013.^[6]

Ichthyopterygia

	Parvinatator wapitiensis

	Utatsusaurus hataii

References

^ Motani, R. (1997). "Temporal and spatial distribution of tooth implantation in ichthyosaurs". In J. M. Callaway; E. L. Nicholls (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press. pp. 81–103.
^ Motani, R.; Minoura, N.; Ando, T. (1998). "Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan". Nature. 393 (6682): 255–257. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..255M. doi:10.1038/30473. S2CID 4416186.
^ Motani, R. (2000). "Rulers of the Jurassic Seas". Scientific American. 283 (6): 52–9. Bibcode:2000SciAm.283f..52M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1200-52. PMID 11103459.
^ Scheyer, Torsten M.; Romano, Carlo; Jenks, Jim; Bucher, Hugo (19 March 2014). "Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e88987. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988987S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088987. PMC 3960099. PMID 24647136.
^ Kear, Benjamin P.; Engelschiøn, Victoria S.; Hammer, Øyvind; Roberts, Aubrey J.; Hurum, Jørn H. (2023-03-13). "Earliest Triassic ichthyosaur fossils push back oceanic reptile origins". Current Biology. 33 (5): R178 – R179. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 36917937.
^ Cuthbertson, R. S.; Russell, A. P.; Anderson, J. S. (2013). "Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichthyopterygia) from the Vega-Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (4): 831. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..831C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.755989. S2CID 131501541.

General references

Ellis, Richard, (2003) Sea Dragons - Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans. University Press of Kansas
McGowan, C & Motani, R. (2003) Ichthyopterygia, Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil

External links

[MR97-1] Motani, R. (1997). "Temporal and spatial distribution of tooth implantation in ichthyosaurs". In J. M. Callaway; E. L. Nicholls (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press. pp. 81–103.

[MMA98-2] Motani, R.; Minoura, N.; Ando, T. (1998). "Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan". Nature. 393 (6682): 255–257. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..255M. doi:10.1038/30473. S2CID 4416186.

[MR00-3] Motani, R. (2000). "Rulers of the Jurassic Seas". Scientific American. 283 (6): 52–9. Bibcode:2000SciAm.283f..52M. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1200-52. PMID 11103459.

[4] Scheyer, Torsten M.; Romano, Carlo; Jenks, Jim; Bucher, Hugo (19 March 2014). "Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e88987. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988987S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088987. PMC 3960099. PMID 24647136.

[5] Kear, Benjamin P.; Engelschiøn, Victoria S.; Hammer, Øyvind; Roberts, Aubrey J.; Hurum, Jørn H. (2023-03-13). "Earliest Triassic ichthyosaur fossils push back oceanic reptile origins". Current Biology. 33 (5): R178 – R179. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 36917937.

[Gulosaurus-6] Cuthbertson, R. S.; Russell, A. P.; Anderson, J. S. (2013). "Cranial morphology and relationships of a new grippidian (Ichthyopterygia) from the Vega-Phroso Siltstone Member (Lower Triassic) of British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (4): 831. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..831C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.755989. S2CID 131501541.

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