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The US Navy Band Northwest's Barbershop Quartet

A barbershop quartet is a group of four singers who sing music in the barbershop style, characterized by four-part harmony without instrumental accompaniment (a cappella). The four voices are: the lead, the vocal part which typically carries the melody; a bass, the part which provides the bass line to the melody; a tenor, the part which harmonizes above the lead; and a baritone, the part that frequently completes the chord. The baritone normally sings just below the lead singer, sometimes just above as the harmony requires. Barbershop music is typified by close harmony— the upper three voices generally remain within one octave of each other.

While the traditional barbershop quartet included only male singers, contemporary quartets can include any gender combination. All-female barbershop quartets were often called beauty shop quartets, a term that has fallen out of favor. The voice parts for women's and mixed barbershop groups use the same names as those for male groups since the roles perform similar functions in the quartet although the vocal ranges may be different.

While the regional origins of barbershop quartet singing are not wholly agreed upon,[1] current organizations that promote the style typify it as an "old American institution."[2] While the style is most popular in the United States, barbershop organizations exist in the United Kingdom,[3] The Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada.[4]

Barbershop quartets have been featured in popular culture in musical theater productions such as The Music Man, or lampooned in television series such as The Simpsons and Family Guy.

History

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Main article: Barbershop music § Historical origins

While many sources claim that barbershop singing originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States of America, some maintain that the origins of barbershop singing are "obscure".[1] The style is considered a blend of White and African American musical styles.[5] Although the African American influence is sometimes overlooked, these quartets had a formative role in the development of the style.[6]

By the 1920s, the popularity of the style had begun to fade. It was revived in the late 1930s along with the founding of the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (SPEBSQSA), now known as the Barbershop Harmony Society, or BHS.[7][8] The society's first meeting was held at the Tulsa Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on April 11, 1938,[1] and it was open only to male singers. In 1945, a parallel organization for women was also founded in Tulsa, called Sweet Adelines International (SAI).[9] Harmony, Incorporated (HI), also serving women, was established in Rhode Island in 1959.[10]

In 1971, president of BHS Ralph Ribble launched the "Barberpole Cat Program" to encourage barbershop singing as widely as possible.[11] Well-known and popular barbershop songs were published and promoted in order to provide a core set of pieces for barbershop quartets. The current list of 12 songs, commonly known as "polecats",[12][13] was selected in 1987. These songs, plus the tag end of two others, are:

Style of dress

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The Dapper Dans at Disney World dressed in traditional barbershop quartet style in 2006

In competition, barbershop quartets generally wear coordinated outfits to mark them as members of the same group. The Society Contest and Judging Committee of the Barbershop Harmony Society notes in their rule book that aesthetics are important to competitive success: "The judge responds to both the vocal and visual aspects of the performance, but the judge principally evaluates the interaction of those aspects as they work together to create the image of the song."[15]

Traditionally, barbershop quartet attire consisted of: vest, straw hat, and spats, often with bow tie and sleeve garters; this is known as the Gay Nineties style.[16] In popular culture, this style exemplifies the stereotypical barbershop quartet. Several Walt Disney theme parks feature a dedicated barbershop quartet called The Dapper Dans (Disney World version pictured). The outfits worn by these performers vary depending on location but do feature vests and straw hats.

Roles of vocal parts

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As a general rule, barbershop quartets use a TTBB (tenor—tenor—baritone—bass) arrangement, with the second tenor singing the lead. Since the 1940s, barbershop singers have tuned their seventh chords with just intonation to maximize the overtones, yielding a distinctive "ringing" sound.[17]

Max Q, winners of the Barbershop Harmony Society's international barbershop convention in Denver, Colorado, 2007. From left to right: Greg Clancy (tenor), Tony DeRosa (lead), Jeff Oxley (bass) and Gary Lewis (baritone).

Tenor: The tenor generally harmonizes above the lead, making the part the highest in the quartet. So as not to overpower the lead singer, who carries the tune, the part is often sung in falsetto, which is of a softer quality than singing in the modal register,[18] though some quartets do make use of tenors with a softer full voice quality.[19] Notable examples of barbershop quartets which made use of the full-voiced tenor include The Buffalo Bills and Boston Common.[20]

The range of a tenor in barbershop music does not necessarily closely correspond to that of a tenor's range in Classical repertoire, often being more in the range of the classical countertenor range.[21]

Lead: The lead, often a lower or second tenor or even more recently a higher or lighter baritone,[citation needed] usually sings the main melody.

Baritone: The baritone often completes the chord with a medium voice, usually slightly below the lead, but sometimes above it. While the baritone's part by itself does not sound as "melodious" as the other three, the baritone is a fundamental role in the quartet to filling in the missing notes and giving each chord a fuller sound.

Bass: The bass always sings and harmonizes the lowest notes, often setting the root of the chord for root position chords, or singing the lowest note of the chord for inverted chords.

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  • The TV sitcom I Love Lucy used the cast in a barbershop quartet in the 1952 episode, "Lucy's Show-Biz Swan Song;" the same footage was used for a dream sequence in their 1956 Christmas show.
  • In the 1957 Meredith Willson Broadway musical The Music Man, the Barbershop Harmony Society International Quartet Contest Champions The Buffalo Bills (Vern Reed, Al Shea, Wayne "Scotty" Ward, Bill Spangenberg) were such a hit that they were cast in the 1962 film adaptation starring Robert Preston as Harold Hill and Shirley Jones as Marian Paroo.
  • In the 1969 novel "Slaughterhouse-Five", Kurt Vonnegut uses a barbershop quartet as a symbol to link between Billy's worlds.[22]
  • Cheers featured a barbershop quartet in the season 4 episode "Dark Imaginings" (1986), and in the season 8 episode "The Stork Brings a Crane" (1989).
  • A 1993 episode of The Simpsons, "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", parodied the journey of The Beatles as though they were each members of a barbershop quartet named "The Be Sharps". The episode starred The Dapper Dans, a quartet who sing on Main Street in Disneyland in California.[23]
  • In the 1997 Friends episode titled "The One with All the Jealousy", Dr. Ross Geller hires a barbershop quartet and sends it to Rachel's office to sing her a love song.
  • Frasier featured a barbershop quartet in the episode, "Frasier's Curse" (1998).[24]
  • In the 1999 Family Guy episode titled "Brian: Portrait of a Dog", Brian Griffin does an impression of a barbershop quartet.
  • In every episode of Nick Jr. Channel's television program Blue's Clues (1996–2006), a barbershop quartet can be heard saying "Mailtime", before which Steve (portrayed by Steve Burns) or Joe (portrayed by Donovan Patton) sings the mail time song before the mail arrives at their house.
  • Psych's fourth season's seventh episode, "High Top Fade-Out", prominently features the murder of a member of Gus' college barbershop quartet. Originally called "Blackapella", the quartet is renamed "Quarterblack" once Shawn (a white man) joins.
  • The internet webcomic Homestuck (2009–2016) features a barbershop cover of the Eddie Morton song, "I'm a Member of the Midnight Crew". The cover was sung by a fan of the series and was put into the comic on the page, "DD: Ascend more casually."[25]
  • The 2013 video game BioShock Infinite (set in 1912) includes a barbershop quartet anachronistically singing a rendition of The Beach Boys' 1966 song "God Only Knows".[26]
  • The 2017 video game Cuphead, known for its 1900s cartoon style, contains two songs sung by barbershop quartet "'Shoptimus Prime": "Don't Deal with the Devil" and "A Quick Break".
  • An animatronic barbershop quartet is one of the scenery pieces in the theme park video game Planet Coaster. It is part of the Vintage Pack, a DLC pack that focuses on classic rides and theming.
  • In a 2019 GEICO television commercial, a barbershop quartet sings while playing a four-on-four basketball game.[27] The quartet in the ad is #TheAccidentals.[28]
  • The Ben Show (2013) has a recurring sketch in which a barbershop quartet sings the titles of porn videos.[29]
  • Barbershop music is featured extensively in the 1975 post-apocalyptic film A Boy and His Dog.[30]
  • Sesame Street has a barbershop quartet of Muppets who imitate the genre with the songs "When You Cooperate", "Long Time No See", "Small B", "Same Different Barbershop Quartet", and "Counting Floors", among others.
  • Episodes of Jack's Big Music Show frequently feature the "Schwartzman Quartet" of four puppet brothers, with one appearance explaining barbershop music.
  • The Forever Plaid musical tells the story of Frankie (lead/second tenor), Jinx (tenor), Sparky (baritone), and Smudge (bass), a barbershop quartet that gets the chance to come back to life after dying in a bus crash.
  • The opening theme song and insert song of the 1967–68 Japanese science fiction TV series Ultraseven feature elements of a barbershop quartet.[citation needed]
  • The 2010 video game, Toy Story 3, has a Pict-O-Matic cutscene where if you dress four citizens in a barber outfit, it will trigger a cutscene where they become a barbershop quartet.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Barbershop quartet singing | music". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  2. ^ "Our Vision & Mission". Our Vision & Mission | Barbershop Harmony Society. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  3. ^ Garnett, Liz (2005). The British Barbershopper: A Study in Socio-musical Values. London: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-3559-8.
  4. ^ "Chapters/Choruses outside of the United States/Canada". Barbershop Harmony Society. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  5. ^ Abbott, Lynn (1992). "'Play That Barber Shop Chord': A Case for the African-American Origin of Barbershop Harmony". American Music. 10 (3). University of Illinois Press: 289–325. doi:10.2307/3051597. JSTOR 3051597. S2CID 191390367.
  6. ^ Henry, James Earl (2000). The Origins of Barbershop Harmony: A Study of Barbershop's Links to Other African American Musics as Evidenced through Recordings and Arrangements of Early Black and White Quartets. Washington University.
  7. ^ "History of the Barbershop Quartet, a Time-Honored Tradition". May 8, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  8. ^ Döhl, Frédéric (2014). "From Harmonic Style to Genre: The Early History (1890s–1940s) of the Uniquely American Musical Term 'Barbershop'". American Music. 32 (2): 123–171. doi:10.5406/americanmusic.32.2.0123. ISSN 1945-2349. S2CID 194072078.
  9. ^ "About | Sweet Adelines". sweetadelines.com. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  10. ^ Averill, Gage (2003). Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-1951-1672-4.
  11. ^ "The Barberpole Cat Program". March 21, 2011. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  12. ^ "Barbershop Harmony Society: Barbershop Barberpole Cat Learning Tracks (Lead) – Music on Google Play". play.google.com. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  13. ^ "Classic barbershop songs". Reading Eagle. September 26, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  14. ^ Olcott, Chauncey. "My Wild Irish Rose" (PDF). M. Witmark & Sons. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  15. ^ "Contest Rules" (PDF). Barbershop Harmony Society. August 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  16. ^ Averill 2003, p. 137.
  17. ^ Averill 2003, p. 164.
  18. ^ Hoch, Matthew (2014). A dictionary for the modern singer dictionaries for the modern musician. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-8108-8656-8.
  19. ^ McNeil, W.K., ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of American gospel music. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 1-135-37700-6.
  20. ^ "Society Hall of Fame, Class of 2014". The Harmonizer. Nashville: Barbershop Harmony Society: 23. Winter 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  21. ^ "Barbershop quartet singing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  22. ^ "LitCharts". LitCharts. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
  23. ^ Martin, Jeff (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  24. ^ "Frasier – Season 6, Episode 2: Frasier's Curse". TV.com. TV.com. October 1, 1998. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  25. ^ "DD: Ascend more casually". homestuck.com. Andrew Hussie.
  26. ^ Kohler, Chris. "If You Leave Me, I'll Die: 9 Popular Songs That Unlock BioShock Infinite's Mysteries". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  27. ^ "GEICO TV Commercial, 'A Barbershop Quartet Plays Basketball'". iSpot.tv. 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  28. ^ Prestridge, James (January 13, 2019). "An Interview With Robert Rice". Close-Up Culture. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  29. ^ "Comedy Central's Graveyard of One-Season Sketch Shows". Vulture.com. August 11, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  30. ^ Kozak, Oktay Ege (August 13, 2018). "An Appreciation for Harlan Ellison and 'A Boy and His Dog'". Paste. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
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